This was a surprising pain to actually find, many searches at first only got the unicode character names, and most of these were found via guess-and-then-verify rather than actual searching. A few I actually got out of scans of Isaac Newton's alchemy texts, and I'm slightly unsure about them because I don't really know Latin all that well. Oh yeah, most of these are Newton's Alchemical symbols, there was a great deal of secrecy amongst alchemists apparently (IMO some of it has carried through all the way to modern-day organic chemists >_>) so most of the more exotic of these are by no means universal. Also there are fun gotchas (given that "regulus" refers to purified metal ores with very high purity, that "regulus of Iron" would be Fe from Iron Ore. Nope, it's purified Sb from Antimony Ore, where Fe was used as the reducing agent. "regulus of Antimony" means the same except it indicates use of a *nonmetallic* reducing agent). Similarly, I suspect the "sublimate of salt of X" is whatever you get when you apply caustic sublimate (HgCl2) to some salt of the metal, probably not the chloride salt in this case, but I'm far from certain.

I'm sad they don't have Lunar Caustic (AgNO3), but "Philosopher's Sulfur" (my new favourite euphemism for gold, yes, really, it refers to gold metal) more than makes up for that.

1F700;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR QUINTESSENCE;
1F701;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR AIR;actually typically used to refer to any gas, cf. "Dephlogisticated Air" (O2) or "Inflammable Air" (H2)
1F702;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR FIRE;
1F703;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR EARTH;a metal oxide or hydroxide, rarely a metal carbonate
1F704;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR WATER;H2O
1F705;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR AQUAFORTIS;HNO3
1F706;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR AQUA REGIA;HNO3+HCL
1F708;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR AQUA VITAE;EtOH
1F70A;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR VINEGAR;HCH3CO2
1F70D;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SULFUR;S8
1F70E;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR PHILOSOPHERS SULFUR;Au - I Shit You Not
1F70F;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR BLACK SULFUR;Some condensation product of 2,4-dinitrophenol and Sodium Sulfate
1F710;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR MERCURY SUBLIMATE;Hg
1F713;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CINNABAR;HgS
1F714;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SALT;NaCl
1F715;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR NITRE;KNO3
1F716;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR VITRIOL;H2SO4
1F718;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ROCK SALT;NaCl
1F71A;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR GOLD;Au
1F71B;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SILVER;Ag
1F71C;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR IRON ORE;Fe2O3
1F71E;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CROCUS OF IRON;FeO(OH)
1F71F;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REGULUS OF IRON;Sb, near 100%, prepared using Fe as a reducing agent
1F720;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR COPPER ORE;Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 (Malachite), most likely, though some say Cu2O (Cuprite)
1F721;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR IRON-COPPER ORE;CuFeS2 (Chalcopyrite)
1F722;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SUBLIMATE OF COPPER;Cu(NH3)4^{+2}
1F723;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CROCUS OF COPPER;Cu2O
1F725;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR COPPER ANTIMONIATE;CuSb2O6, most likely
1F726;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SALT OF COPPER ANTIMONIATE;Cu2Sb
1F727;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SUBLIMATE OF SALT OF COPPER;
1F728;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR VERDIGRIS;Cu(Acetate)2 - there are a few types of Verdigris, but alchemical Verdigris is apparently always the acetate
1F729;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR TIN ORE;SnO2
1F72A;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR LEAD ORE;PbS
1F72B;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ANTIMONY ORE;Sb2S3
1F72C;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SUBLIMATE OF ANTIMONY;SbS3
1F72D;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SALT OF ANTIMONY;Should be SbCl3 based on what "salt" typically means in the context of metals (Chloride salt), but most sites typically refer to SbCl3 as "Butter of Antimony" or "Oil of Antimony", so... <shrug>
1F72E;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SUBLIMATE OF SALT OF ANTIMONY;
1F72F;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR VINEGAR OF ANTIMONY;Sb(CH3CO2)3
1F730;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REGULUS OF ANTIMONY;Sb, near 100%, prepared using a nonmetallic reducing agent
1F732;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REGULUS;very highly purified metal from some metal ore
1F736;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ALKALI;a carbonate, unless it's "Volatile Alkali" in which case it's gaseous NH3
1F738;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR MARCASITE;orthorhombic FeS2
1F739;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SAL-AMMONIAC;NH4Cl
1F73A;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ARSENIC;As or As2O3
1F73B;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REALGAR;\alpha-As2S4
1F73D;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR AURIPIGMENT;As2S3 and better known as "Orpiment"
1F73E;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR BISMUTH ORE;Bi2O3
1F73F;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR TARTAR;KC4H5O6
1F741;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR QUICK LIME;CaO
1F742;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR BORAX;Na2B4O7*10H2O
1F745;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ALUM;KAl(SO4)2*12H2O
1F746;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR OIL;an inflammable liquid not miscible with water, typically viscous
1F747;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SPIRIT;
1F748;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR TINCTURE;a solution with EtOH as the primary or only solvent
1F749;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR GUM;
1F74A;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR WAX;beeswax
1F74B;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR POWDER;exactly what you'd expect, the powdered anhydrous form of something
1F74C;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CALX;The result of heating something in air, almost always a metal oxide
1F74D;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR TUTTY;ZnO
1F74E;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CAPUT MORTUUM;Any solid remaining after dry distillation
1F74F;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SCEPTER OF JOVE;Sn
1F750;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CADUCEUS;Mg
1F751;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR TRIDENT;Bi
1F752;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR STARRED TRIDENT;
1F753;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR LODESTONE;magnetized Fe3O4
1F755;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR URINE;source of CO(NH2)
1F757;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ASHES;exactly what you'd expect
1F758;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR POT ASHES;KOH
1F759;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR BRICK;nearest I can tell, literally just kiln-fired clay brick
1F75A;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR POWDERED BRICK;nearest I can tell, literally just powdered brick dust
1F75B;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR AMALGAM;Hg/Au amalgam, specifically
1F75F;ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR PRECIPITATE;HgO

References:

http://www.3rd1000.com/alchemy/alchemyterms.htm

http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/newton/reference/chemProd.do

https://books.google.ca/books?id=wwc4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA148&lpg=PA148&source=bl&ots=eLYYrFa3U9&sig=WvMlIOCvIe6wM5Qd__CRuFE8Jy8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiL35yO2OPKAhUCQj4KHS4tCrkQ6AEIODAF#v=onepage

http://antimony.atomistry.com/antimony_trichloride.html